By Chen Jia ( China Daily)
China's sovereign wealth fund banks on diversified investment approach
At first glance, the nondescript building in downtown Beijing does not even merit a second look.But very few know that behind the glass facade is the office of China Investment Corp, thecountry's sovereign wealth fund that has $575 billion in assets and invests predominantly inoverseas markets.
There is no sign of wealth or rich trappings, and the sparsely furnished walls, or the corneroffice of the chairman and the spartan furniture that dot the premises give the distinct feel andflavor of an ordinary government office in China. On any given day it is common to see groupsof people dressed in suits huddled over piles of balance sheets and maps of Europe and Africaholding forth on the state of the economy, investment options and pricing strategies. Withinthese walls lie the rich talent pool or the real wealth that is helping CIC achieve stable, assuredreturns through its diverse investment mixture.
Ding Xuedong, the new chairman of the sovereign wealth fund, had recently remarked thatthese are indeed tumultuous times for the global financial markets, as there are severaluncertainties. While most of the sovereign wealth funds such as Temasek of Singapore and theGovernment Pension Fund of Norway still prefer asset-backed investments, CIC goes for amore pragmatic approach and diverse investment portfolio.
According to fund officials, CIC's main objective is to make more money from its overseasinvestments and generate additional capital for investment.

Adjustment of the investment portfolio and thehigher equity prices saw the fund post robustreturns last year, especially from the long-termassets in global markets. CIC posted a 10.6percent gain on its global investments last year,compared with a 4.3 percent loss in 2011,according to the company's annual report. Thecumulative annualized return of CIC's overseasinvestments rose to 5.02 percent by the end oflast year, from 3.8 percent in 2011. Net incomerose to $77.4 billion from $48.4 billion in 2011,the report said.
Fund officials say that such a goodperformance has been possible due to thefund's diverse approach. "It enabled us toadjust our investment portfolios in line with thehigher equity prices in global markets last year,"a CIC official says.
During the same period, Temasek of Singaporeachieved returns of 1.5 percent, while theNorway fund came in with 13.4 percent. Otherwealth funds such as Singapore's GIC and theAbu Dhabi Investment Authority are yet topublish their earnings numbers.
"When you look at these numbers, you can seethat 10.6 percent is a good return oninvestment for a sovereign wealth fund," saysVictoria Barbary, director of Sovereign WealthCenter, a London-based market intelligencecompany.
Meanwhile, at the fund offices in Beijing, it isworking as usual. CIC knows that it cannotafford to rest on its laurels. "The fixed-assetstrategy boomeranged in 2010 after ourMorgan Stanley equity investments sharplyeroded in value," the unnamed fund officialsays.
"Our losses were in the region of $115 million.We also faced a lot of umbrage for staying invested in overweight US Treasury bonds. It wasthen that the fund decided to broaden its investment portfolio from financial products toinfrastructure and industrial projects, and also from North America to Europe and emergingmarkets in Asia and Africa."
Barbary says CIC's shift toward an endowment model is also an indication that the fund is nottoo sure of receiving future funding from the People's Bank of China, the central bank. Sincethe fund's launch, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, which manages the country's$3.5 trillion foreign exchange reserves, has given it only an additional $49 billion to investabroad. With further capital injections uncertain, CIC is increasing its exposure to assets thatyield fairly predictable short- and long-term cash flow for reinvestment, she says.
New frontiers
Since its inception in 2007, CIC has strived to generate higher returns on China's huge foreignexchange reserves. Most of its investments have been spread across a range of countriessuch as Australia, Brazil, France, Russia and the United Kingdom.
Last year, nearly 27.8 percent of the equity investments CIC made overseas were in advancedeconomies other than the US, with Europe being the mainstay. The corresponding figure forsuch investment in 2011 was 20.6 percent.
A look at the direct investment projects of CIC last year shows that five out of the six projectswere in Europe, including France, Russia and the UK. In 2012, 23 percent of CIC's equitypurchases came from emerging markets, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. The proportionwas 29.6 percent in 2011. But that seems to be changing, as Africa and Europe slowly becomenew destinations for the fund.
In November last year, CIC invested 450 million pounds ($720 million) for a 10 percent stake inHeathrow Airport Holdings Ltd, a prominent airport operator in the UK and one of the busiestinternational air hubs in Europe.
It also invested 276 million pounds in January last year for an 8.68 percent stake in ThamesWater Utilities Ltd, a London-based private utility company responsible for public water supplyand waste water treatment.
"CIC perceives the UK as a destination of choice for long-term investment because of itsbusiness-friendly environment and sound legal framework," the company's annual report said.
Russia is another region in Europe where the fund has invested in several resource projects.Last year, the CIC signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Vnesheconombank in Moscowfor investment cooperation in infrastructure construction and development programs in theRussian Far East. The fund also injected $425 million into Polyus Gold International Ltd, thelargest gold producer in Russia.
EGGS: Never put them all in the same basket
The CIC is also planning to expand its investments into West and East Africa.
"The fund is in talks with government officials from countries in these areas for railway, port andhighway investment projects, especially for the cross-border highways," Gao Xiqing, CIC's vice-chairman and general manager, said in March.
Analysts feel the signals exhibited by the sovereign wealth fund in recent years shows it iskeener on energy resources and fixed-asset investment projects overseas, besides buyingfinancial products, such as treasury bonds and shares. On the other hand, it has also spurredcriticism that Chinese investment could be a potential threat to local development.
However, CIC officials dismiss such charges. "The CIC has always identified itself as a ‘pure'financial investor," the unnamed fund official says. "Although it is the biggest manager of thecountry's foreign exchange reserves, it is more of a strategic investor."
Wu Weihai, a researcher at the research institute under the Ministry of Industry and InformationTechnology, says wealth funds usually base their global investments on two factors. While thefirst approach focuses on buying equity in companies and industries to gain dividend and stockpremium, the other is concentrated on rights purchases in selected companies to gainmanagement control. "It is obvious that the CIC investment strategy falls into the first category,"Wu says.
The next step for the CIC should be to invest in overseas industries that have advancedtechnologies or management capabilities, because it would help accelerate domestic industrialupgrading and facilitate economic rebalancing, Wu says.
"The company's goal is pursuing long-term returns by customizing investment strategies basedon different projects in different countries," CIC vice-chairman Gao says. "The investmenttheme is not for mergers and acquisitions, or to control any overseas company. We don't wantto be seen as a destroyer by any country."
According to the company's 2012 annual report, by the end of last year, the company's totalassets stood at $575 billion, compared with $482 billion a year earlier. About 32 percent of itsoverseas investment were in public equities, 32.4 percent in long-term investments and 19.lpercent in fixed-income securities.
"We have increased purchases of public equities and steadily boosted long-term investment ininfrastructure construction, energy and mineral resources, and real estate," the unnamedofficial says.
Different role
Last year was the fifth anniversary of its establishment and at that time the fund's board ofdirectors reviewed and approved its 2012-16 Strategic Plan of Development, which outlines theguidelines for the CIC's overseas investment. During the meeting, the directors decided toextend the investment horizon to 10 years and adopted rolling annualized returns as animportant benchmark to evaluate the performance.
Ding, the current chairman and former deputy secretary-general of the State Council, says theCIC zeroed in on the endowment model of asset allocation after looking at several such modelsin the past five years.
"We have developed the policy portfolio to better align and balance our strategic and tacticalasset allocation, and to improve portfolio integrity, boost fiscal discipline and for prudentmanagement."
In 2011 the company suffered a loss of 4.3 percent on its overseas investment projects,compared with a profit of 11.7 percent in 2010, raising serious doubts over its investmentmeasures and risk control system.
A research note from Zero Power Intelligence Co Ltd, a Chinese market research firm, indicatesthat the CIC's returns are directly related to the performance of the global financial market. Theloss in public equities and direct investment projects was the main reason for the CIC'snegative return in 2011, when the MSCI World Index dropped 7.4 percent, the research notesaid.
The sovereign wealth fund was launched in September 2007 with registered capital of $200billion. Of this, $90 billion was transferred to domestic financial institutions through the CIC'swholly-owned subsidiary Central Huijin Investment Co Ltd, while the balance $110 billion wentfor overseas investment.
Liu Shangxi, deputy director of the Research Institute for Fiscal Science under the Ministry ofFinance, says that unlike other sovereign wealth funds, the State Council has clearly specifiedthe duties and functions of the CIC. "The main task of the CIC is to manage the foreignexchange given by the central government and use it on behalf of the state to invest inoverseas markets," Liu says.
About 49.2 percent of equity purchases have been from the US markets, compared with 27.8percent in other advanced economies and 23 percent in emerging markets, the CIC annualreport said. In addition the CIC has invested 22.3 percent of its fund in the overseas financialsector, while 11.6 percent is in the information technology sector and 10.7 percent in theconsumer discretionary industry, it said.
Guo Tianyong, a professor at the Beijing-based Central University of Finance and Economics,says the CIC must maintain "long-term investment" and diversify risks for long-term gains. "Thefund should also emphasize on talent retention and cultivation because it would help in soundgrowth of foreign exchange reserves," Guo says.
Although there have been some reports that the Chinese central bank and the StateAdministration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) are planning to create a new institution for usingthe forex reserves for investments, so far, neither the central bank nor the CIC has given anysuch indications, experts say.
In January, SAFE launched a special office to invest foreign exchange reserves overseas interms of entrusted loans. Most of the borrowers of such loans are enterprises that are planningoverseas expansion.
"CIC faces competition from SAFE, which is also investing in equities, private equity, real estateand infrastructure to diversify China's foreign exchange reserves," says Barbary of SovereignWealth in London.
"Ideally, there wouldn't be two different funds attempting to fulfill the same role and an ongoingfunding stream would be designated to the single fund. In that way, China might develop a fundlike the Government of Singapore Investment Corp. However, given the circumstances, anendowment model is a good option for the CIC," she says.
By the end of 2012, China's total foreign exchange reserves reached $3.31 trillion. About 60 to70 percent are dollar assets. According to the US Treasury Department, China's holdings of USTreasury bonds increased by $25.2 billion in May and the total reached a record high of$1.315 trillion. It rose by $151.9 billion from a year earlier.
Xu Hongcai, a senior financial researcher at the China Center for International EconomicExchange, a government think tank, feel that it is imperative for the CIC to diversify itsinvestments in US Treasury bonds.
"A better choice is to invest in overseas infrastructure projects and support overseas moves ofChinese enterprises," he says.